Project acronym Agglomerates
Project Infinite Protein Self-Assembly in Health and Disease
Researcher (PI) Emmanuel Doram LEVY
Host Institution (HI) WEIZMANN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
Call Details Consolidator Grant (CoG), LS2, ERC-2018-COG
Summary Understanding how proteins respond to mutations is of paramount importance to biology and disease. While protein stability and misfolding have been instrumental in rationalizing the impact of mutations, we recently discovered that an alternative route is also frequent, where mutations at the surface of symmetric proteins trigger novel self-interactions that lead to infinite self-assembly. This mechanism can be involved in disease, as in sickle-cell anemia, but may also serve in adaptation. Importantly, it differs fundamentally from aggregation, because misfolding does not drive it. Thus, we term it “agglomeration”. The ease with which agglomeration can occur, even by single point mutations, shifts the paradigm of how quickly new protein assemblies can emerge, both in health and disease. This prompts us to determine the basic principles of protein agglomeration and explore its implications in cell physiology and human disease.
We propose an interdisciplinary research program bridging atomic and cellular scales to explore agglomeration in three aims: (i) Map the landscape of protein agglomeration in response to mutation in endogenous yeast proteins; (ii) Characterize how yeast physiology impacts agglomeration by changes in gene expression or cell state, and, conversely, how protein agglomerates impact yeast fitness. (iii) Analyze agglomeration in relation to human disease via two approaches. First, by predicting single nucleotide polymorphisms that trigger agglomeration, prioritizing them using knowledge from Aims 1 & 2, and characterizing them experimentally. Second, by providing a proof-of-concept that agglomeration can be exploited in drug design, whereby drugs induce its formation, like mutations can do.
Overall, through this research, we aim to establish agglomeration as a paradigm for protein assembly, with implications for our understanding of evolution, physiology, and disease.
Summary
Understanding how proteins respond to mutations is of paramount importance to biology and disease. While protein stability and misfolding have been instrumental in rationalizing the impact of mutations, we recently discovered that an alternative route is also frequent, where mutations at the surface of symmetric proteins trigger novel self-interactions that lead to infinite self-assembly. This mechanism can be involved in disease, as in sickle-cell anemia, but may also serve in adaptation. Importantly, it differs fundamentally from aggregation, because misfolding does not drive it. Thus, we term it “agglomeration”. The ease with which agglomeration can occur, even by single point mutations, shifts the paradigm of how quickly new protein assemblies can emerge, both in health and disease. This prompts us to determine the basic principles of protein agglomeration and explore its implications in cell physiology and human disease.
We propose an interdisciplinary research program bridging atomic and cellular scales to explore agglomeration in three aims: (i) Map the landscape of protein agglomeration in response to mutation in endogenous yeast proteins; (ii) Characterize how yeast physiology impacts agglomeration by changes in gene expression or cell state, and, conversely, how protein agglomerates impact yeast fitness. (iii) Analyze agglomeration in relation to human disease via two approaches. First, by predicting single nucleotide polymorphisms that trigger agglomeration, prioritizing them using knowledge from Aims 1 & 2, and characterizing them experimentally. Second, by providing a proof-of-concept that agglomeration can be exploited in drug design, whereby drugs induce its formation, like mutations can do.
Overall, through this research, we aim to establish agglomeration as a paradigm for protein assembly, with implications for our understanding of evolution, physiology, and disease.
Max ERC Funding
2 574 819 €
Duration
Start date: 2019-04-01, End date: 2024-03-31
Project acronym BeyondOpposition
Project Opposing Sexual and Gender Rights and Equalities: Transforming Everyday Spaces
Researcher (PI) Katherine Browne
Host Institution (HI) NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND MAYNOOTH
Call Details Consolidator Grant (CoG), SH2, ERC-2018-COG
Summary OPPSEXRIGHTS will be the first large-scale, transnational study to consider the effects of recent Sexual and Gender Rights and Equalities (SGRE) on those who oppose them, by exploring opponents’ experiences of the transformation of everyday spaces. It will work beyond contemporary polarisations, creating new possibilities for social transformation. This cutting-edge research engages with the dramatically altered social and political landscapes in the late 20th and early 21st Century created through the development of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans, and women’s rights. Recent reactionary politics highlight the pressing need to understand the position of those who experience these new social orders as a loss. The backlash to SGRE has coalesced into various resistances that are tangibly different to the classic vilification of homosexuality, or those that are anti-woman. Some who oppose SGRE have found themselves the subject of public critique; in the workplace, their jobs threatened, while at home, engagements with schools can cause family conflicts. This is particularly visible in the case studies of Ireland, UK and Canada because of SGRE. A largescale transnational systematic database will be created using low risk (media and organisational discourses; participant observation at oppositional events) and higher risk (online data collection and interviews) methods. Experimenting with social transformation, OPPSEXRIGHTS will work to build bridges between ‘enemies’, including families and communities, through innovative discussion and arts-based workshops. This ambitious project has the potential to create tangible solutions that tackle contemporary societal issues, which are founded in polarisations that are seemingly insurmountable.
Summary
OPPSEXRIGHTS will be the first large-scale, transnational study to consider the effects of recent Sexual and Gender Rights and Equalities (SGRE) on those who oppose them, by exploring opponents’ experiences of the transformation of everyday spaces. It will work beyond contemporary polarisations, creating new possibilities for social transformation. This cutting-edge research engages with the dramatically altered social and political landscapes in the late 20th and early 21st Century created through the development of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans, and women’s rights. Recent reactionary politics highlight the pressing need to understand the position of those who experience these new social orders as a loss. The backlash to SGRE has coalesced into various resistances that are tangibly different to the classic vilification of homosexuality, or those that are anti-woman. Some who oppose SGRE have found themselves the subject of public critique; in the workplace, their jobs threatened, while at home, engagements with schools can cause family conflicts. This is particularly visible in the case studies of Ireland, UK and Canada because of SGRE. A largescale transnational systematic database will be created using low risk (media and organisational discourses; participant observation at oppositional events) and higher risk (online data collection and interviews) methods. Experimenting with social transformation, OPPSEXRIGHTS will work to build bridges between ‘enemies’, including families and communities, through innovative discussion and arts-based workshops. This ambitious project has the potential to create tangible solutions that tackle contemporary societal issues, which are founded in polarisations that are seemingly insurmountable.
Max ERC Funding
1 988 652 €
Duration
Start date: 2019-10-01, End date: 2024-09-30
Project acronym CancerFluxome
Project Cancer Cellular Metabolism across Space and Time
Researcher (PI) Tomer Shlomi
Host Institution (HI) TECHNION - ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Call Details Starting Grant (StG), LS2, ERC-2016-STG
Summary The metabolism of cancer cells is altered to meet cellular requirements for growth, providing novel means to selectively target tumorigenesis. While extensively studied, our current view of cancer cellular metabolism is fundamentally limited by lack of information on variability in metabolic activity between distinct subcellular compartments and cells.
We propose to develop a spatio-temporal fluxomics approach for quantifying metabolic fluxes in the cytoplasm vs. mitochondria as well as their cell-cycle dynamics, combining mass-spectrometry based isotope tracing with cell synchronization, rapid cellular fractionation, and computational metabolic network modelling.
Spatio-temporal fluxomics will be used to revisit and challenge our current understanding of central metabolism and its induced adaptation to oncogenic events – an important endeavour considering that mitochondrial bioenergetics and biosynthesis are required for tumorigenesis and accumulating evidences for metabolic alterations throughout the cell-cycle.
Our preliminary results show intriguing oscillations between oxidative and reductive TCA cycle flux throughout the cell-cycle. We will explore the extent to which cells adapt their metabolism to fulfil the changing energetic and anabolic demands throughout the cell-cycle, how metabolic oscillations are regulated, and their benefit to cells in terms of thermodynamic efficiency. Spatial flux analysis will be instrumental for investigating glutaminolysis - a ‘hallmark’ metabolic adaptation in cancer involving shuttling of metabolic intermediates and cofactors between mitochondria and cytoplasm.
On a clinical front, our spatio-temporal fluxomics analysis will enable to disentangle oncogene-induced flux alterations, having an important tumorigenic role, from artefacts originating from population averaging. A comprehensive view of how cells adapt their metabolism due to oncogenic mutations will reveal novel targets for anti-cancer drugs.
Summary
The metabolism of cancer cells is altered to meet cellular requirements for growth, providing novel means to selectively target tumorigenesis. While extensively studied, our current view of cancer cellular metabolism is fundamentally limited by lack of information on variability in metabolic activity between distinct subcellular compartments and cells.
We propose to develop a spatio-temporal fluxomics approach for quantifying metabolic fluxes in the cytoplasm vs. mitochondria as well as their cell-cycle dynamics, combining mass-spectrometry based isotope tracing with cell synchronization, rapid cellular fractionation, and computational metabolic network modelling.
Spatio-temporal fluxomics will be used to revisit and challenge our current understanding of central metabolism and its induced adaptation to oncogenic events – an important endeavour considering that mitochondrial bioenergetics and biosynthesis are required for tumorigenesis and accumulating evidences for metabolic alterations throughout the cell-cycle.
Our preliminary results show intriguing oscillations between oxidative and reductive TCA cycle flux throughout the cell-cycle. We will explore the extent to which cells adapt their metabolism to fulfil the changing energetic and anabolic demands throughout the cell-cycle, how metabolic oscillations are regulated, and their benefit to cells in terms of thermodynamic efficiency. Spatial flux analysis will be instrumental for investigating glutaminolysis - a ‘hallmark’ metabolic adaptation in cancer involving shuttling of metabolic intermediates and cofactors between mitochondria and cytoplasm.
On a clinical front, our spatio-temporal fluxomics analysis will enable to disentangle oncogene-induced flux alterations, having an important tumorigenic role, from artefacts originating from population averaging. A comprehensive view of how cells adapt their metabolism due to oncogenic mutations will reveal novel targets for anti-cancer drugs.
Max ERC Funding
1 481 250 €
Duration
Start date: 2017-02-01, End date: 2022-01-31
Project acronym ChangeBehavNeuro
Project Novel Mechanism of Behavioural Change
Researcher (PI) Tom SCHONBERG
Host Institution (HI) TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY
Call Details Starting Grant (StG), SH4, ERC-2016-STG
Summary Understanding how values of different options that lead to choice are represented in the brain is a basic scientific question with far reaching implications. I recently showed that by the mere-association of a cue and a button press we could influence preferences of snack food items up to two months following a single training session lasting less than an hour. This novel behavioural change manipulation cannot be explained by any of the current learning theories, as external reinforcement was not used in the process, nor was the context of the decision changed. Current choice theories focus on goal directed behaviours where the value of the outcome guides choice, versus habit-based behaviours where an action is repeated up to the point that the value of the outcome no longer guides choice. However, in this novel task training via the involvement of low-level visual, auditory and motor mechanisms influenced high-level choice behaviour. Thus, the far-reaching goal of this project is to study the mechanism, by which low-level sensory, perceptual and motor neural processes underlie value representation and change in the human brain even in the absence of external reinforcement. I will use behavioural, eye-gaze and functional MRI experiments to test how low-level features influence the neural representation of value. I will then test how they interact with the known striatal representation of reinforced behavioural change, which has been the main focus of research thus far. Finally, I will address the basic question of dynamic neural plasticity and if neural signatures during training predict long term success of sustained behavioural change. This research aims at a paradigmatic shift in the field of learning and decision-making, leading to the development of novel interventions with potential societal impact of helping those suffering from health-injuring behaviours such as addictions, eating or mood disorders, all in need of a long lasting behavioural change.
Summary
Understanding how values of different options that lead to choice are represented in the brain is a basic scientific question with far reaching implications. I recently showed that by the mere-association of a cue and a button press we could influence preferences of snack food items up to two months following a single training session lasting less than an hour. This novel behavioural change manipulation cannot be explained by any of the current learning theories, as external reinforcement was not used in the process, nor was the context of the decision changed. Current choice theories focus on goal directed behaviours where the value of the outcome guides choice, versus habit-based behaviours where an action is repeated up to the point that the value of the outcome no longer guides choice. However, in this novel task training via the involvement of low-level visual, auditory and motor mechanisms influenced high-level choice behaviour. Thus, the far-reaching goal of this project is to study the mechanism, by which low-level sensory, perceptual and motor neural processes underlie value representation and change in the human brain even in the absence of external reinforcement. I will use behavioural, eye-gaze and functional MRI experiments to test how low-level features influence the neural representation of value. I will then test how they interact with the known striatal representation of reinforced behavioural change, which has been the main focus of research thus far. Finally, I will address the basic question of dynamic neural plasticity and if neural signatures during training predict long term success of sustained behavioural change. This research aims at a paradigmatic shift in the field of learning and decision-making, leading to the development of novel interventions with potential societal impact of helping those suffering from health-injuring behaviours such as addictions, eating or mood disorders, all in need of a long lasting behavioural change.
Max ERC Funding
1 500 000 €
Duration
Start date: 2017-01-01, End date: 2021-12-31
Project acronym CrackEpitranscriptom
Project Cracking the epitranscriptome
Researcher (PI) Schraga SCHWARTZ
Host Institution (HI) WEIZMANN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
Call Details Starting Grant (StG), LS2, ERC-2016-STG
Summary Over 100 types of distinct modifications are catalyzed on RNA molecules post-transcriptionally. In an analogous manner to well-studied chemical modifications on proteins or DNA, modifications on RNA - and particularly on mRNA - harbor the exciting potential of regulating the complex and interlinked life cycle of these molecules. The most abundant modification in mammalian and yeast mRNA is N6-methyladenosine (m6A). We have pioneered approaches for mapping m6A in a transcriptome wide manner, and we and others have identified factors involved in encoding and decoding m6A. While experimental disruption of these factors is associated with severe phenotypes, the role of m6A remains enigmatic. No single methylated site has been shown to causally underlie any physiological or molecular function. This proposal aims to establish a framework for systematically deciphering the molecular function of a modification and its underlying mechanisms and to uncover the physiological role of the modification in regulation of a cellular response. We will apply this framework to m6A in the context of meiosis in budding yeast, as m6A dynamically accumulates on meiotic mRNAs and as the methyltransferase catalyzing m6A is essential for meiosis. We will (1) aim to elucidate the physiological targets of methylation governing entry into meiosis (2) seek to elucidate the function of m6A at the molecular level, and understand its impact on the various steps of the mRNA life cycle, (3) seek to understand the mechanisms underlying its effects. These aims will provide a comprehensive framework for understanding how the epitranscriptome, an emerging post-transcriptional layer of regulation, fine-tunes gene regulation and impacts cellular decision making in a dynamic response, and will set the stage towards dissecting the roles of m6A and of an expanding set of mRNA modifications in more complex and disease related systems.
Summary
Over 100 types of distinct modifications are catalyzed on RNA molecules post-transcriptionally. In an analogous manner to well-studied chemical modifications on proteins or DNA, modifications on RNA - and particularly on mRNA - harbor the exciting potential of regulating the complex and interlinked life cycle of these molecules. The most abundant modification in mammalian and yeast mRNA is N6-methyladenosine (m6A). We have pioneered approaches for mapping m6A in a transcriptome wide manner, and we and others have identified factors involved in encoding and decoding m6A. While experimental disruption of these factors is associated with severe phenotypes, the role of m6A remains enigmatic. No single methylated site has been shown to causally underlie any physiological or molecular function. This proposal aims to establish a framework for systematically deciphering the molecular function of a modification and its underlying mechanisms and to uncover the physiological role of the modification in regulation of a cellular response. We will apply this framework to m6A in the context of meiosis in budding yeast, as m6A dynamically accumulates on meiotic mRNAs and as the methyltransferase catalyzing m6A is essential for meiosis. We will (1) aim to elucidate the physiological targets of methylation governing entry into meiosis (2) seek to elucidate the function of m6A at the molecular level, and understand its impact on the various steps of the mRNA life cycle, (3) seek to understand the mechanisms underlying its effects. These aims will provide a comprehensive framework for understanding how the epitranscriptome, an emerging post-transcriptional layer of regulation, fine-tunes gene regulation and impacts cellular decision making in a dynamic response, and will set the stage towards dissecting the roles of m6A and of an expanding set of mRNA modifications in more complex and disease related systems.
Max ERC Funding
1 402 666 €
Duration
Start date: 2016-11-01, End date: 2021-10-31
Project acronym CRISPRsition
Project Developing CRISPR adaptation platforms for basic and applied research
Researcher (PI) Ehud Itzhak Qimron
Host Institution (HI) TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY
Call Details Consolidator Grant (CoG), LS2, ERC-2018-COG
Summary The CRISPR-Cas system has been extensively studied for its ability to cleave DNA. In contrast, studies of the ability of the system to acquire and integrate new DNA from invaders as a form of prokaryotic adaptive immunity, have lagged behind. This delay reflects the extreme enthusiasm surrounding the potential of using the system’s cleavage capabilities as a genome editing tool. However, the enormous potential of the adaptation process can and should arouse a similar degree of enthusiasm. My lab has pioneered studies on the CRISPR adaptation process by establishing new methodologies, and applying them to demonstrate the essential role of the proteins and DNA elements, as well as the molecular mechanisms, operating in this process. In this project, I will establish novel platforms for studying adaptation and develop them into biotechnological applications and research tools. These tools will allow me to identify the first natural and synthetic inhibitors of the adaptation process. This, in turn, will provide genetic tools to control adaptation, as well as advance the understanding of the arms race between bacteria and their invaders. I will also harness the adaptation process as a platform for diversifying genetic elements for phage display, and for extending phage recognition of a wide range of hosts. Lastly, I will provide the first evidence for an association between the CRISPR adaptation system and gene repression. This linkage will form the basis of a molecular scanner and recorder platform that I will develop and that can be used to identify crucial genetic elements in phage genomes as well as novel regulatory circuits in the bacterial genome. Together, my findings will represent a considerable leap in the understanding of CRISPR adaptation with respect to the process, potential applications, and the intriguing evolutionary significance.
Summary
The CRISPR-Cas system has been extensively studied for its ability to cleave DNA. In contrast, studies of the ability of the system to acquire and integrate new DNA from invaders as a form of prokaryotic adaptive immunity, have lagged behind. This delay reflects the extreme enthusiasm surrounding the potential of using the system’s cleavage capabilities as a genome editing tool. However, the enormous potential of the adaptation process can and should arouse a similar degree of enthusiasm. My lab has pioneered studies on the CRISPR adaptation process by establishing new methodologies, and applying them to demonstrate the essential role of the proteins and DNA elements, as well as the molecular mechanisms, operating in this process. In this project, I will establish novel platforms for studying adaptation and develop them into biotechnological applications and research tools. These tools will allow me to identify the first natural and synthetic inhibitors of the adaptation process. This, in turn, will provide genetic tools to control adaptation, as well as advance the understanding of the arms race between bacteria and their invaders. I will also harness the adaptation process as a platform for diversifying genetic elements for phage display, and for extending phage recognition of a wide range of hosts. Lastly, I will provide the first evidence for an association between the CRISPR adaptation system and gene repression. This linkage will form the basis of a molecular scanner and recorder platform that I will develop and that can be used to identify crucial genetic elements in phage genomes as well as novel regulatory circuits in the bacterial genome. Together, my findings will represent a considerable leap in the understanding of CRISPR adaptation with respect to the process, potential applications, and the intriguing evolutionary significance.
Max ERC Funding
2 000 000 €
Duration
Start date: 2019-12-01, End date: 2024-11-30
Project acronym CULTIVATE MSS
Project Cultural Values and the International Trade in Medieval European Manuscripts, c. 1900-1945
Researcher (PI) Laura Janet CLEAVER
Host Institution (HI) THE PROVOST, FELLOWS, FOUNDATION SCHOLARS & THE OTHER MEMBERS OF BOARD OF THE COLLEGE OF THE HOLY & UNDIVIDED TRINITY OF QUEEN ELIZABETH NEAR DUBLIN
Call Details Consolidator Grant (CoG), SH5, ERC-2018-COG
Summary CULTIVATE MSS aims to assess the significance of the trade in medieval manuscripts for the development of ideas about the nature and value of European culture in the early 20th century, a crucial period for the development of modern European nation states. Although recent technological developments have facilitated quantitative analyses of provenance data, charting in increasing detail the early-20th-century movement of manuscripts, including an exodus of works to America, qualitative analyses have failed to keep pace, leaving questions of how and why particular books were valued underexplored. The PI’s role in the development of the Schoenberg Database of Manuscripts, which has begun to make available historic data about books, has revealed the need for a reassessment of the relationship between collecting and scholarship, and the potential for existing data about the manuscript trade to be used, with unpublished archival sources, to identify and compare the economic and philosophical values projected onto books. Thus the project uses the PI’s expertise to develop a multi-disciplinary approach to assess the roles of collectors, scholars and dealers in the formation of collections of medieval manuscripts, and the impact of this on scholarship, comparing the English-speaking world, France and Germany. It will analyse published and unpublished accounts of manuscripts, together with price data, to reconstruct values projected onto books. It will seek to contextualise these values within the history of the early 20th century, assessing the impact of two world wars and other political and economic shifts on the trade in books and attitudes to manuscripts as objects of national significance. The Middle Ages are often identified with the emergence of European cultural identities, thus a reappraisal of the historiography of the study of medieval manuscripts has the potential to impact research about attitudes to European culture and identity in a wide range of disciplines.
Summary
CULTIVATE MSS aims to assess the significance of the trade in medieval manuscripts for the development of ideas about the nature and value of European culture in the early 20th century, a crucial period for the development of modern European nation states. Although recent technological developments have facilitated quantitative analyses of provenance data, charting in increasing detail the early-20th-century movement of manuscripts, including an exodus of works to America, qualitative analyses have failed to keep pace, leaving questions of how and why particular books were valued underexplored. The PI’s role in the development of the Schoenberg Database of Manuscripts, which has begun to make available historic data about books, has revealed the need for a reassessment of the relationship between collecting and scholarship, and the potential for existing data about the manuscript trade to be used, with unpublished archival sources, to identify and compare the economic and philosophical values projected onto books. Thus the project uses the PI’s expertise to develop a multi-disciplinary approach to assess the roles of collectors, scholars and dealers in the formation of collections of medieval manuscripts, and the impact of this on scholarship, comparing the English-speaking world, France and Germany. It will analyse published and unpublished accounts of manuscripts, together with price data, to reconstruct values projected onto books. It will seek to contextualise these values within the history of the early 20th century, assessing the impact of two world wars and other political and economic shifts on the trade in books and attitudes to manuscripts as objects of national significance. The Middle Ages are often identified with the emergence of European cultural identities, thus a reappraisal of the historiography of the study of medieval manuscripts has the potential to impact research about attitudes to European culture and identity in a wide range of disciplines.
Max ERC Funding
1 832 711 €
Duration
Start date: 2019-05-01, End date: 2024-04-30
Project acronym DAFINET
Project Dynamic Attitude Fixing: A novel theory of opinion dynamics in social networks and its implications for computational propaganda in hybrid social networks (containing humans and bots)
Researcher (PI) Michael QUAYLE
Host Institution (HI) UNIVERSITY OF LIMERICK
Call Details Starting Grant (StG), SH3, ERC-2018-STG
Summary Understanding the coordination of attitudes in societies is vitally important for many disciplines and global social challenges. Network opinion dynamics are poorly understood, especially in hybrid networks where automated (bot) agents seek to influence economic or political processes (e.g. USA: Trump vs Clinton; UK: Brexit). A dynamic fixing theory of attitudes is proposed, premised on three features of attitudes demonstrated in ethnomethodology and social psychology; that people: 1) simultaneously hold a repertoire of multiple (sometimes ambivalent) attitudes, 2) express attitudes to enact social identity; and 3) are accountable for attitude expression in interaction. It is proposed that interactions between agents generate symbolic links between attitudes with the emergent social-symbolic structure generating perceived ingroup similarity and outgroup difference in a multilayer network. Thus attitudes can become dynamically fixed when constellations of attitudes are locked-in to identities via multilayer networks of attitude agreement and disagreement; a process intensified by conflict, threat or zero-sum partisan processes (e.g. elections/referenda). Agent-based simulations will validate the theory and explore the hypothesized channels of bot influence. Network experiments with human and hybrid networks will test theoretically derived hypotheses. Observational network studies will assess model fit using historical Twitter data. Results will provide a social-psychological-network theory for attitude dynamics and vulnerability to computational propaganda in hybrid networks.
The theory will explain:
(a) when and how consensus can propagate rapidly through networks (since identity processes fix attitudes already contained within repertoires);
(b) limits of identity-related attitude propagation (since attitudes outside of repertoires will not be easily adopted); and
(c) how attitudes can often ‘roll back’ after events (since contextual changes ‘unfix’ attitudes).
Summary
Understanding the coordination of attitudes in societies is vitally important for many disciplines and global social challenges. Network opinion dynamics are poorly understood, especially in hybrid networks where automated (bot) agents seek to influence economic or political processes (e.g. USA: Trump vs Clinton; UK: Brexit). A dynamic fixing theory of attitudes is proposed, premised on three features of attitudes demonstrated in ethnomethodology and social psychology; that people: 1) simultaneously hold a repertoire of multiple (sometimes ambivalent) attitudes, 2) express attitudes to enact social identity; and 3) are accountable for attitude expression in interaction. It is proposed that interactions between agents generate symbolic links between attitudes with the emergent social-symbolic structure generating perceived ingroup similarity and outgroup difference in a multilayer network. Thus attitudes can become dynamically fixed when constellations of attitudes are locked-in to identities via multilayer networks of attitude agreement and disagreement; a process intensified by conflict, threat or zero-sum partisan processes (e.g. elections/referenda). Agent-based simulations will validate the theory and explore the hypothesized channels of bot influence. Network experiments with human and hybrid networks will test theoretically derived hypotheses. Observational network studies will assess model fit using historical Twitter data. Results will provide a social-psychological-network theory for attitude dynamics and vulnerability to computational propaganda in hybrid networks.
The theory will explain:
(a) when and how consensus can propagate rapidly through networks (since identity processes fix attitudes already contained within repertoires);
(b) limits of identity-related attitude propagation (since attitudes outside of repertoires will not be easily adopted); and
(c) how attitudes can often ‘roll back’ after events (since contextual changes ‘unfix’ attitudes).
Max ERC Funding
1 499 925 €
Duration
Start date: 2018-12-01, End date: 2023-11-30
Project acronym DEADSEA_ECO
Project Modelling Anthropocene Trophic Cascades of the Judean Desert Ecosystem: A Hidden Dimension in the History of Human-Environment Interactions
Researcher (PI) Nimrod MAROM
Host Institution (HI) UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA
Call Details Starting Grant (StG), SH6, ERC-2018-STG
Summary This project aims to explore the effects of human settlement intensity on desert ecological community structure, focusing on the hitherto unstudied phenomenon of trophic cascades in antiquity. Its key research question is whether human-induced changes in arid land biodiversity can feedback to affect natural resources important for human subsistence, such as pasture and wood. The role of such feedback effects in ecological systems is increasingly acknowledged in recent years in the biological literature but has not been addressed in the study of human past. The research question will be approached using bioarchaeological methods applied to the uniquely-preserved material record from the middle and late Holocene settlement sequence (approximately 4,500 BCE to 700 CE) of the Dead Sea Ein Gedi Oasis, and to the contemporary palaeontological assemblages from caves located in the surrounding Judean Desert. The proposed research is expected to bridge between aspects of current thinking on ecosystem dynamics and the study of human past by exploring the role of trophic cascades as an invisible dimension of Anthropocene life in marginal environments. The study of the history of human impact on such environments is important to resource management planning across a rapidly expanding ecological frontier on Earth, as climate deterioration brings more people in contact with life-sustaining and sensitive arid land ecosystems.
Summary
This project aims to explore the effects of human settlement intensity on desert ecological community structure, focusing on the hitherto unstudied phenomenon of trophic cascades in antiquity. Its key research question is whether human-induced changes in arid land biodiversity can feedback to affect natural resources important for human subsistence, such as pasture and wood. The role of such feedback effects in ecological systems is increasingly acknowledged in recent years in the biological literature but has not been addressed in the study of human past. The research question will be approached using bioarchaeological methods applied to the uniquely-preserved material record from the middle and late Holocene settlement sequence (approximately 4,500 BCE to 700 CE) of the Dead Sea Ein Gedi Oasis, and to the contemporary palaeontological assemblages from caves located in the surrounding Judean Desert. The proposed research is expected to bridge between aspects of current thinking on ecosystem dynamics and the study of human past by exploring the role of trophic cascades as an invisible dimension of Anthropocene life in marginal environments. The study of the history of human impact on such environments is important to resource management planning across a rapidly expanding ecological frontier on Earth, as climate deterioration brings more people in contact with life-sustaining and sensitive arid land ecosystems.
Max ERC Funding
1 499 563 €
Duration
Start date: 2019-01-01, End date: 2023-12-31
Project acronym DigitalValues
Project The Construction of Values in Digital Spheres
Researcher (PI) Limor Shifman
Host Institution (HI) THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM
Call Details Consolidator Grant (CoG), SH3, ERC-2018-COG
Summary In recent decades, social media has emerged as a central arena for the construction of values. Artifacts such as YouTube videos, Facebook posts, and tweets reflect and shape what people across the globe consider important, desirable, or reprehensible. Understanding this pervasive value ecology is key to deciphering the political, cultural, and social processes governing the twenty-first century. In this project, I will conduct the first comprehensive study of values in social media. I will explore the following over-arching questions: How are values constructed through social media? Which values are emphasized in these spheres? To what extent are social media platforms associated with the globalization of values? In addressing these fundamental issues, I will apply an entirely new approach for the conceptualization and study of values.
Carried out comparatively in five languages, DigitalValues will explore the interaction between three facets of value construction: (a) explicit uses of the terms “value” and “values”; (b) the implicit construction of values in genres of user-generated content; and (c) users’ interpretation and evaluation of values through both private meaning-making and public social practices of commenting, sharing, and liking. The project is theoretically, empirically, and methodologically groundbreaking in a number of ways: (1) it will be a pioneering large-scale study employing inductive methods to explore the construction of values through everyday cultural artifacts; (2) as a foundational study of values in social media, it will yield a novel theory of value construction as an intersection between individuals, technologies, and sociocultural contexts; (3) it will generate new methods for infering values from verbal texts, combining qualitative, quantitative, and automated analyses; (4) finally, it will yield a comprehensive map of values as expressed across languages and platforms, leading to a new understanding of the globalization of values.
Summary
In recent decades, social media has emerged as a central arena for the construction of values. Artifacts such as YouTube videos, Facebook posts, and tweets reflect and shape what people across the globe consider important, desirable, or reprehensible. Understanding this pervasive value ecology is key to deciphering the political, cultural, and social processes governing the twenty-first century. In this project, I will conduct the first comprehensive study of values in social media. I will explore the following over-arching questions: How are values constructed through social media? Which values are emphasized in these spheres? To what extent are social media platforms associated with the globalization of values? In addressing these fundamental issues, I will apply an entirely new approach for the conceptualization and study of values.
Carried out comparatively in five languages, DigitalValues will explore the interaction between three facets of value construction: (a) explicit uses of the terms “value” and “values”; (b) the implicit construction of values in genres of user-generated content; and (c) users’ interpretation and evaluation of values through both private meaning-making and public social practices of commenting, sharing, and liking. The project is theoretically, empirically, and methodologically groundbreaking in a number of ways: (1) it will be a pioneering large-scale study employing inductive methods to explore the construction of values through everyday cultural artifacts; (2) as a foundational study of values in social media, it will yield a novel theory of value construction as an intersection between individuals, technologies, and sociocultural contexts; (3) it will generate new methods for infering values from verbal texts, combining qualitative, quantitative, and automated analyses; (4) finally, it will yield a comprehensive map of values as expressed across languages and platforms, leading to a new understanding of the globalization of values.
Max ERC Funding
1 985 000 €
Duration
Start date: 2019-08-01, End date: 2024-07-31
