ERC FUNDED PROJECTS

Cosmic Rays (ionized atomic nuclei) are the only matter from beyond our solar system or even from extragalactic space, that we can directly investigate. Up to energies of 10^17 eV they most likely originate in our Galaxy. The highest-energy cosmic rays (>10^18 eV) cannot be magnetically bound any more to the Galaxy and are most likely of extragalactic origin. The pure existence of these particles raises the question about their origin – how and where are they accelerated? How do they propagate through the universe and interact? How can we directly probe extragalactic matter and how can we locate its origin? A key to understand the origin of cosmic rays is to measure the particle species (atomic mass). A precise mass measurement will allow discriminating astrophysical models and will clarify the reason for the observed suppression of the cosmic-ray flux at the highest energies, namely the maximum energy of the accelerators or the energy losses during propagation. I address these questions by employing a new technique to precisely measure the cosmic-ray mass composition, which my group pioneered, the radio detection of air showers (induced by high-energy cosmic rays in the atmosphere) on very large scales, detecting horizontal air showers with zenith angles from 60° to 90°. The new set-up will be the world-largest radio array, operated together with the well-established Auger surface and fluorescence detectors, forming a unique set-up to measure the properties of cosmic rays with unprecedented precision for energies above 10^17.5 eV. The radio technique is a cost-effective and robust method to measure the cosmic-ray energy and mass, complementary to established techniques. The energy scale of the radio measurements is established from first principles. The proposed detectors will also enhance the detection capabilities for high-energy neutrinos and the search for new physics through precision measurements of the electromagnetic and muonic shower components.

3 499 249 €

Start date: 2018-10-01, End date: 2023-09-30

Biomechanical interactions between cells and their environment are essential in almost any biological process, from embryonic development to organ function to diseases. Hence, biomechanical interactions are crucial for health and disease. Examples are hydrodynamic interactions through fluid flow, and forces acting directly on cells. Existing methods to analyze and understand these interactions are limited however, since they do not offer the required combination of precisely controlled flow and accurate applying and sensing of forces. Also, they often lack a physiological environment. A breakthrough in biomechanical analysis is therefore highly needed. We will realize a novel microfluidic platform for biomechanical analysis with unprecedented possibilities of controlling fluid flow and applying and sensing time-dependent forces at subcellular scales in controlled environments. The platform will be uniquely based on bio-inspired magnetic artificial cilia, rather than on conventional microfluidic valves and pumps. Cilia are microscopic hairs ubiquitously present in nature, acting both as actuators and sensors, essential for swimming of microorganisms, transport of dirt out of our airways, and sensing of sound, i.e. they exactly fulfill functions needed in biomechanical analysis. We will develop novel materials and fabrication methods to realize microscopic polymeric artificial cilia, and integrate these in microfluidic devices. Magnetic actuation and optical readout systems complete the platform. We will apply the novel platform to address three fundamental and unresolved biomechanical questions: 1. How do hydrodynamic interactions with actuated cilia steer cellular and particle transport? 2. How do local and dynamic mechanical forces on cells fundamentally influence their motility and differentiation? 3. How do hydrodynamic interactions between cilia steer embryonic development? This unique platform will enable to address many other future biomechanical questions.

3 083 625 €

Start date: 2019-10-01, End date: 2024-09-30

"Quantum coherent phenomena, especially marcoscopic quantum coherence, are among the most striking predictions of quantum mechanics. They have lead to remarkable applications such as lasers and modern optical technologies, and in the future, breakthroughs such as quantum information processing are envisioned. Macroscopic quantum coherence is manifested in Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC), superfluidity, and superconductivity, which have been observed in a variety of systems and continue to be at the front line of scientific research. Here my objective is to extend the realm of Bose-Einstein condensation into new conceptual and practical directions. I focus on the role of a hybrid character of the object that condenses and on the role of non-equilibrium in the BEC phenomenon. The work is mostly theoretical but has also an experimental part. I study two new types of hybrids, fundamentally different from each other. First, I consider pairing and superfluidity in a mixed geometry. Experimental realization of mixed geometries is becoming feasible in ultracold gases. Second, I explore the possibility of finding novel hybrids of light and matter excitations that may display condensation. By combining insight from these two cases, my goal is to understand how the hybrid and non-equilibrium nature can be exploited to design desirable properties, such as high critical temperatures. In particular, in case of the new light-matter hybrids, the goal is to provide realistic scenarios for, and also experimentally demonstrate, a room temperature BEC."

1 559 608 €

Start date: 2013-12-01, End date: 2018-11-30

"The management of mesoscale dynamics is the missing link in gaining complete control over chemical processes like heterogeneous catalysis. The ability to accurately position nanoscale active elements in cellular mesoscale (nm to µm-range) structures with high symmetrical order is instrumental in streamlining vital molecular or energetic paths. 3D periodicity in the structure that supports active or adsorption sites minimizes spatial variations in mass transport, whereas mesoscale control of the location of these sites gives a route to tuning activity and functionality. The introduction of mesoscale metamaterials expands the on-going trend in chemistry, of more and more dimensionally refined structured elements, a so to speak ""Moore's law in Process Intensification"". The roadmap to higher process efficiency dictates a next, disruptive step in mastering manufacturing control at smaller dimensions. The proposed disruptive technology to realize the required mesoscale features is Additive Manufacturing, which is the only method offering the desired freedom in shape, symmetry and composition. More specifically, this project explores electrospinning methods with precise intra-wire control of the position of active sites and accurately tuneable 3D inter-wire distances. This is seen as the ideal technique to reach the mesoscale material target, as the method is scalable to practical device volumes. The main ingredients of the novel technology are microfluidic networks to line up nanoparticles, before electrospinning them with integrated micromachined nozzles, and depositing them accurately in the form of 3D nanowire networks, using integrated circuit collector electrodes. Flow-through, cellular materials which are highly homogeneous in size and composition, or with intentionally embedded gradients, having features designed at the mesoscale, will be investigated for applications in the fields of heterogeneous catalysis and solar energy capture and conversion."

2 500 000 €

Start date: 2017-09-01, End date: 2022-08-31